James Schwarzenbach

Vocation

Right-wing, Republican Swiss politician, in the 1970s head of the short-lived Republican Movement and publicist of fascist, völkisch and antisemitic literature, his Thomas-Verlag. Schwarzenbach was member of the Swiss National Council representing the National Action in the legislature between 1967 and 1971. Schwarzenbach's Republican Movement originated as a split of National Action in 1971, with which it merged once again in 1990, into the Swiss Democrats. Buomberger (2004) claimed that Schwarzenbach's ideology is racist, nationalist, xenophobic and given to antisemitic and anti-communist conspiracy theories, and he emphasizes Schwarzenbach's role as pioneer in European right-wing populism which outside of Switzerland grew to notability only in the 1980s with parties such as the French Front National. Schwarzenbach is chiefly known for his initiative on Überfremdung ("excess of foreigners") that was put to the vote in 1970. The referendum had a record turnout (75%), with 45% of the votes supporting Schwarzenbach's proposal. The proposal, if accepted, would have meant that the Swiss government had to limit foreign workers to Switzerland to 10%, which then would mean the deportation of up to 300,000 foreigners over 4 years. Although not enacted, the referendum did cause the number of available work-permits to be lowered. Xenophobia in Switzerland at the time was chiefly directed against Italian migrant workers, whose number had increased from 300,000 to over 1 million during the economic surge after World War II between 1950 and 1970. Xenophobia decreased in the later 1970s as with slackening economy nearly as many migrant workers as had been targeted by the Schwarzenbach initiative lost their jobs and left Switzerland, raising its head again in the mid 1990s, this time targeting "Ausländerkriminalität"("foreigner delinquency"), in particular fuelled by felonies committed by youths of Balkan (Former Yugoslavian) origin. In this period, xenophopic sentiment was addressed by populist propaganda of the Swiss People's Party (SVP), with Schwarzenbach's erstwhile secretary Ulrich Schlüer pursuing his former employer's politics within the ranks of the SVP. In his later years, Schwarzenbach also voiced opposition against the EFTA, or the EU common market, as well as international institutions like the UN. He died 27 October 1994. Link to Wikipedia biography